Programming assignment #2 - Polygon scan converter

CS 248 - Introduction to Computer Graphics
Autumn Quarter, 2002
Marc Levoy
Handout #7

Demos on Monday, October 28

Writeups due on Tuesday, October 29 by 2:00pm

Your assignment is to write a rasterizer for scan converting polygons drawn using a graphical user interface that we provide. Our interface also allows you to create simple animations from your polygons. Your rasterizer will be capable of spatial supersampling and motion blurring, to reduce aliasing artifacts in space and time.

What we give you

1. A graphical user interface for drawing polygons. If you run /usr/class/cs248/assignments/assignment2/bin/animgui on the Sweet Hall graphics lab PCs, it will pop up a user interface based on the GLUI toolkit, which is in turn built on OpenGL. This interface allows you to draw polygons having any number of sides and having vertices that lie at integer pixel coordinates. Each polygon will be assigned a unique random bright color. The interface also allows you to change the shape of each polygon, by dragging individual vertices or by translating the entire polygon, and to associate shapes with specific points in time, called keyframes. Finally, the interface allows you to load or store your polygons to files. This last capability allows you to test your rasterizer repeatedly on the same polygons, it allows you to test it remotely, i.e. without sitting at a Sweet Hall PC, it allows us to test your rasterizer on "grader data" at the demos, and most importantly, it allows you to create and store cool animations!

2. The stub for a rasterizer. Included in the interface is a "Render" button and a field for specifying which frames to render. When you press the button, the interface will loop through each frame to be rendered, calling a routine named "Rasterize" (for which a stub is included in our package) and passing it an empty canvas like the one you used in project #1. Your task is to expand this stub to include a polygon rasterizer. Specifically, Rasterize should loop through each polygon, scan converting it into the canvas array, then return control to the interface, which will display the updated canvas on the screen. If you specify a filename in the "Render To:" field, each frame will also be output to a .ppm file, and a list of frames will be output to a .list file. We explain later how to use this .list file to create movies. If animgui is invoked with certain command-line arguments (see animgui.README for details), it becomes a standalone (non-graphical) driver for your rasterizer. In this mode, it will load polygons from a file you specify, then call Rasterize, perhaps multiple times. Each time you return control to the driver, it will output your canvas to a .ppm file.

3. A keyframe interpolator. When the interface calls your rasterizer, it will also pass it an integer frame number. As your rasterizer loops through each polygon, it should call our interpolator routine (GetVertices), passing it the polygon number and a frame number. GetVertices will compute for you the shape of that polygon at that moment in time, by interpolating vertex coordinates linearly between the keyframe positions you defined interactively in step 1. What it returns to you is a list of vertex X,Y coordinates for the polygon. It is this interpolated polygon shape that you should scan convert into the canvas array. By the way, the frame number you specify when you call GetVertices can be a floating-point number, allowing you to specify times that fall between frames. You'll need this flexibility for computing motion blur.

What you need to write

1. Clipping and scan conversion. Once your rasterizer obtains the vertex X,Y coordinates for an interpolated polygon, it should first clip the polygon to the boundaries of the canvas, then scan convert it. Use the algorithm presented in class, which is also covered in section 3.6 of your textbook. A simple clipping method would be to discard a polygon if any of its vertices lie outside these boundaries for any sample position in space or time. A slightly more sophisticated clipping method would be to discard a polygon if any of its vertices lie outside the boundaries for a particular sample position. If you do this, then be careful with the weighting you assign to the remaining sample positions. A third, and even better, clipping method would be to scissor the polygon, i.e. scan convert it even if some of its vertices lie outside the canvas boundaries for a particular sample position, then test each pixel you generate during scan conversion to make sure it lies within the canvas. We will give any of these clipping methods full credit. You do not need to implement full polygon clipping as covered in section 3.14 of the textbook.

2. Spatial supersampling and averaging down. The user interface contains a check box labeled "antialias". If checked (a flag will be passed into your rasterizer), you should step through a pattern of subpixel positions, shift the vertices of all polygons as appropriate for that subpixel position, scan convert them at the shifted position, and combine the results into the canvas using the accumulation buffer algorithm, as summarized in Appendix A of this handout. Use any pattern of subpixel positions and any corresponding weights (summing to 1) that you like. Some patterns work well, and some do not, as we have discussed in class. The user interface contains a field in which you can enter the number of supersamples (variable s in Appendix A). Use this value (which will be passed into Rasterize) to control the number of samples per pixel. Feel free to round this number to the nearest square (e.g. 4, 9, 16, 25, etc.)

3. Motion blurring. The user interface also contains a check box labeled "motion blur". If checked, you should step through a sequence of fractional frame times, call GetVertices to obtain the vertex coordinates for each polygon at these times, scan convert the resulting shapes, and combine the results into the canvas using the same accumulation buffer algorithm. Once again, use any pattern of samples and weights that you like. The user interface contains a field in which you can enter the number of motion blur samples (variable t in Appendix A). If the "antialiasing" and "motion blur" boxes are both checked, your implementation should perform both spatial supersampling and motion blurring. For both forms of antialiasing, be prepared at the demo to describe your sampling and weighting solutions and to characterize (in informal terms) the quality of antialiasing that they produce. Include these descriptions in your README file when you submit your code.

A few hints

• Polygons should be drawn one atop another in the order they appear in the array. If you correctly implement the algorithm in section 3.6 of the textbook, it will work for convex or concave polygons having any number of sides. Your rasterizer needn't handle polygons with holes. However, it should handle self-intersecting polygons. In these cases, follow the rule that if a line drawn from a sample position to infinity crosses an odd number of polygon boundaries, it should be filled, otherwise not, as shown below.

  

  In general, your rasterizer should fill only and all sample positions that fall inside polygon edges. If a sample coincides with an edge or vertex, you can fill it or not, as you like. Your rasterizer should also handle degenerate polygons, i.e. polygons that collapse to a line along part or all of its boundary, or to a point, as shown below.

  

  As with general edges and vertices, your rasterizer can fill sample positions if they coincide with degenerate edges or vertices, or not, as you like. The reason you need to handle self-intersecting and degenerate polygons is that, no matter how well behaved your polygons are at the keyframes, their shapes may be ill-behaved at interpolated frames. The goal is to make the animation look as continuous as possible, with no sudden popping of polygons or large parts of polygons. By the way, sliver triangles, if rendered without antialiasing, might have gaps on individual frames, and tiny polygons might disappear entirely. This is to be expected. Don't try to fill these in. That is what antialiasing is intended to do.

• While the vertices you draw using our interface will lie on pixel centers, the vertices we return to you after interpolation may not. Moreover, the spatial supersampling portion of the assignment requires that you scan convert triangles whose vertices are positioned with subpixel precision. This means that your rasterizer needs to support non-integer vertex coordinates. Page 948 of the textbook describes two solutions to non-integer vertices: a floating point algorithm and a fixed point algorithm (i.e. by multiplying by a fixed constant (the book suggests 1000)). You may use either algorithm. We suggest a floating point algorithm, mainly because it will be easier to code.

• You should begin the assignment by examining the files in /usr/class/cs248/assignments/assignment2. Start by looking at the main() function in src/agui/animgui.cpp. This file contains the graphical user interface. For some bells/whistles, you may need to modify this file. If you need more information on the GLUI toolkit, you can find documentation at http://www.cs.unc.edu/~rademach/glui/glui_manual_v2_beta.pdf. Alternatively, if you can demonstrate your bell/whistle using animgui in standalone (non-graphical) mode, possibly by adding more command-line arguments, then you may do so. If you add no bells/whistles, the only function you should need to modify is Rasterize in objects.cpp. The code we provide contains parameterized constants for the maximum number of polygons, vertices per polygon, keyframes per polygon, frames in the animation, and numbers of supersamples. Feel free to increase these constants, but don't decrease them. Also, be careful not to break the ability to load polygons from files; we will use this to test your code.

• We have provided (in /usr/class/cs248/data/assignment2) several polygon datasets for you to play with. For some but not all of these, we have computed matching .ppm files to give you an idea of what they should look like. An accompanying README file describes the supersampling used to produce each image. Note that you will probably not match these images pixel for pixel, depending on how you handle degeneracies and how you perform antialiasing. These are by no means the only data sets on which we will test your program. Try to anticipate every nasty polygon that might be in our test files, as well as every nasty polygon that might result from interpolation.

• The speed at which you can rasterize frames will depend on the number of polygons to be drawn and on the number of spatial and temporal samples you specify. If you want to view your animation in real-time, but your frames don't scan convert quickly enough, we provide a utility, /usr/class/cs248/support/bin/i386-linux/ppm2fli, that accepts a .list file (as described earlier), reads in the listed .ppm files, converts them to a QuickTime FLC movie, and outputs a .fli file. The syntax is "ppm2fli in.list out.fli". To play your movie, type "xanim out.fli".

Submission requirements

Like project #1, there are two parts to submitting your rasterizer: giving a demo on Monday, October 28, and submitting an online writeup by 2:00pm on Tuesday, October 29.

For the demos, signups will be handled electronically, as before. All demos must be given in the Sweet Hall graphics labs. To keep the demos fair, you must freeze your executable by 7:30am on demo day and give your demo from that executable. To freeze your executable, log into a raptor or firebird, then run the script /usr/class/cs248/bin/submit. Since you will be demoing from the executable you submitted, make sure it is a Linux executable that runs on the lab PCs.

Writeups consist of a commented copy of your source code, a Linux executable that runs on the Sweet Hall graphics lab PCs, a Makefile, and a README describing the functionality implemented. It should also describe your supersampling solutions, as outlined earlier. Be brief but complete; one screenful is enough. If you did something especially clever, tell us about it. To submit your code and README, change the current directory to your assignment2 directory and run the script /usr/class/cs248/bin/submit. To make your submission, place all these files in one directory (and optionally subdirectories) and once again run the script /usr/class/cs248/bin/submit. You may make multiple submissions; we will consider only your latest submission while grading. If the submit script reports an error, please email the error message with a gzipped tarball of your submission directory to vaibhav@cs.stanford.edu

The assignment will be graded on correctness (60 points), efficiency (20 points), and programming style (20 points). As before, the functionality of your program will be graded based only on what you show us during the demo. Functionality you don't show us or that doesn't work will not be considered. us or that doesn't work will not be considered. Only your source code and your README file will be graded from your submitted writeup. Efficiency will be judged mainly by looking at your code, although if your rasterizer runs horribly slowly on demo day, we'll notice it.

Extra credit

If you have completed the assignment you can earn extra credit by adding bells and whistles. Here are some suggestions. Some are harder than others. Points will be awarded in proportion to difficulty. Feel free to make up your own.

1. Modify the user interface to allow interactive scaling and rotation of polygons around an interactively selected point in the canvas as a way of changing their shape. This one is easy.

2. Modify the user interface to allow insertion and deletion of vertices in an already-defined polygon. This is also easy.

3. For a bigger challenge than bell/whistle #2, modify the user interface, the underlying polygon data structure, and the linear interpolation routine to allow the number of vertices in a polygon to change at any keyframe. If the additional or deleted vertices are colinear with their two immediate neighbors in the polygon, then the polygon's shape will not change suddenly at the keyframe. Being able to add or delete vertices in this way greatly increases the expressiveness of keyframe interpolation. Show off this improved expressiveness with some animations you create before demo day.

4. Modify the user interface to allow the input of polygons having "curved" boundaries, where these curves are approximated by a sequence of closely-spaced vertices. We suggest using button-down to initiate a new curve and button-up to terminate it. Line segments can be defined to connect successive mouse positions or successive mouse positions once their distance apart exceeds a specified threshold. This one is relatively easy.

5. Back to a hard one. Combining the ideas in bell/whistles #3 and #4, allow the user to draw a different curved boundary for each keyframe. Since the number of vertices in your keyframes now differ substantially, you will need to resample these curves so that they have the same number of vertices at the beginning and end of each linear interpolation. This is how professional keyframe animation systems work, and it greatly increases their expressiveness. The resampling procedure is straightforward; we'll explain it during Friday's help session.

6. Linear interpolation tends to produce animations in which the rhythm of the keyframes are visually evident, and sometimes objectionable. To reduce this effect, replace linear interpolation between pairs of keyframes with splined interpolation between larger numbers of keyframes, as described in section 21.1.3 of the textbook. For example, cubic B-splines, described in section 11.2.3 of the textbook, would use the vertex positions of keyframes 1,2,3,4 to drive the interpolation between keyframes 2 and 3, the positions in keyframes 2,3,4,5 to interpolate between 3 and 4, and so on.

7. Another problem with linear interpolation is that, if two keyframes differ substantially in shape, the polygon tends to collapse and reform during the course of the interpolation. To reduce this effect, define a skeleton consisting of connected line segments, replace the X,Y coordinates of vertices with U,V offsets relative to one of these segments, then transform the skeleton (using rotation, splines, or other techniques), while interpolating vertex offsets, as shown in figure 21.3 (page 1062) of the textbook.

8. Implement full polygon clipping, thereby allowing your polygons to translate offscreen during the interval between two keyframes. Use any (reasonably efficient) clipping algorithm you like, such as the Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm described in section 3.14.1 of the textbook.

9. Implement unweighted area sampling as described in section 3.17.2 of the textbook as a user-selectable alternative to accumulation buffer antialiasing. For more fun, implement weighted area sampling as described in section 3.17.3. You may assume (for this bell/whistle only) that your polygons do not overlap.

10. Last but not least, create a cool animation to show us at the demo. We'll give you extra credit for it!

Appendix A: the accumulation buffer algorithm

Let "canvas" and "temp" be 24-bit pixel arrays. Let "polygon color" be a 24-bit color unique to each polygon.

1   clear canvas to black;
2   n = 0  (number of samples taken so far)
3   for (i=1; i<=s; i++)  (for s subpixel positions)
4      for (j=1; j<=t; j++)  (for t fractional frame times)
5         clear temp to black
6         n = n + 1
7         for each polygon
8            translate vertices for this subpixel position and fractional frame time
9            for each pixel in polygon (using your scan converter)
10              temp color <-- polygon color
11        for each pixel in canvas
12           canvas color <-- ((n-1)/n)*canvas color + (1/n)*temp color
13  display canvas on screen (by exiting from your rasterizer)

Line 7 causes later polygons to occlude earlier polygons in temp. This "painter's algorithm" occlusion ordering is in lieu of a hidden-surface algorithm, which you will learn about later in the course.

Line 9 implements a box filter, i.e. all subpixel positions are given equal weight. By modifying this interpolation formula to include a weight that varies with subpixel position relative to the center of the filter kernel, you can implement other reconstruction filters.

If your algorithm is working correctly, what you should see on the screen is a nicely antialiased image, like those linked into the October 18 lecture notes. Look also at figure 3.56 in the text. The method they use to produce that figure is different (that is prefiltering, not supersampling and averaging down), but the visual effects are similar.

One final hint. For large numbers of samples (i.e. large values of s and t), line 9 will yield significant quantization artifacts. In these situations, you may need to use canvas arrays of 16-bit or 32-bit integers (one each for R, G, and B), sum your temp images into this array without first scaling each contribution (i.e. don't scale by 1/i), then normalize into a third array of 8-bit per color component pixels for display. We don't require that you implement this, but if you do, you will have the pleasure of being able to specify large values of s and t, producing gorgeous images even for nearly degenerate polygons.

Reference:

Haeberli, P., Akeley, K., The Accumulation Buffer: Hardware Support for High-Quality Rendering,
Computer Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH), 24:4, pp. 309-318, 1990.