Three-dimensional projections

Sometimes, projecting a complex function graph down to only two dimensions results in images which are hard to interpret. For instance, functions which are not injective appear to "map over themselves" in a two-dimensional mapping window. In situations like this, we can instead choose to project our four dimensions of data into three-space, taking advantage of our visual capacity to interpret depth information. The extra dimension allows us to spread out the information, hopefully making it easier to understand.

Let (x,y) represent the real and imaginary domain-coordinates, and (u,v) represent the real and imaginary image-coordinates. Orthogonal projection from four-dimensions down to three means simply dropping one of the four coordinates. There are four such choices, resulting in four simple projections:

When you switch a mapping window to 3-d mode, the default projection is the real part of the function (x,y,u). If you don't want to stick with the default projection, you can use the "Projection Options" window to change the projection.