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	      CS 99D - Illustration lecture #2 - February 1, 2001

				  Marc Levoy
			      Stanford University
				   (c) 2001

		      (with corrections, March 14, 2003)

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			     *** Introduction ***

o the question of abstraction

o examples from traditional scientific illustrations

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	    *** Historical examples of scientific illustration ***

(from Robbins, Ford, and Tufte)

Things to look for:
	o naturalism versus abstraction
	o How is the abstraction represented pictorially?

Observation I, hand-drawn:
	-> Leonardo Da Vinci's The Spinal Column (1489),
	   Robbins, p. 37

	-> Andreas Vesalius's On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543),
	   Robbins, p. 41

	-> Robert Hooke's Micrographica (1665),
	   Ford, p. 174 (or Robbins, p. 42)
		o technology-assisted observation
		o first to see individual cells
		o preface reiterated Francis Bacon's Advancement of Learning
		o one of the most popular books published in the 1600s

	-> Durer's Rhinoceros (1515)
	   Ford, p. 70
		o wrong

	-> J.J. Audubon's The Birds of America (1838),
	   Ford, p. 63
		o encylcopaedic
		o model for modern field guides
		o Fuertes of Cornell University is another

Observation II, self-illustrating phenomena:
	-> Ernst Chladni's discovery of the theory of pitch (1782),
	   Robbins, p. 134
		o draw bow across thin metal plate covered with sand and look
		at nodal lines; on exhibit at Exploratorium

	-> Carleen Hutchin applies Chladni's method to violin backs (1965),
	   Robbins, p. 137
		o a visualization technique with a *long* history

	-> Harold ("Doc") Edgerton's Milk Splash (1935),
	   Edgerton's Stopping Time, p. 126, 127, 128 and surrounding pages
		o 1/50,000 second exposure using stroboscopic flash
		o refined these techniques over a 50-year career
		o an alternative to publishing papers every year

Explanation I, of procedures:
	-> Issac Newton's Experimentum Crucis (1665, published 1704),
	   Robbins, p. 84-85
		o p. 84 shows his own sketch of the experiment (1665)
		o p. 85 shows a later drawing of recombining the colors (1704)

	-> Domenico Fontana's Moving the Obelisk (1586),
	   Robbins, p. 205
		o great detail, multiple readings
		o drawing became a sort of postcard for sale to the masses
		-> General view of St. Peter's, Gardner, p. 822, 821

	-> Otto Von Guericke's The Magdeburg Spheres (1654),
	   Robbins, p. 92
		o gratuitous detail

Explanation II, of theories:

	-> Rene Descartes's Theory of the Retinal Image (~1640),
	   Lindberg, p. 201

	-> Rene Descartes's Formation of a Rainbow (1637),
	   Robbins, p. 56
		o relates micro-scale (raindrop) to macro-scale (rainbows)
		using an ingenius geometric device (scaling the raindrop up to
		span both rainbows)

	-> Alfred Wegener's Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915),
	   Robbins, p. 210
		o theory sparked by observed visual congruence
		o a classic of "visualizing in order to look for patterns"

	-> D'Arcy Thompson's Morphology of a Fish (1917),
	   Robbins, p. 209
		o theory sparked by observed visual congruence, but not
		explainable by known natural processes - now a discounted
		theory
		o demonstrates the danger of an alluring visualization,
		even without conjectural facts (as in early hominids)

Data visualization:
	-> Playfair's analysis of imports and exports to/from England (1782)
	   Tufte I, p. 32
		o pioneered use of plotting to visualize social phenomena
		o clever juxtaposition of two plots shows third variable
		(balance of trade) implicitly
		o unbalanced trade was one cause of American Revolutionary War
	-> also price of wheat versus wages of labor, p. 34
		o invented the bar chart to fairly display
		discretely sampled data

	-> Marey's graphical train schedule from Paris to Lyon (1885),
	   Tufte I, p. 31
		o slope <-> speed of train (Show TGV)
		o horizontals <-> time at station
		o X's <-> trains crossing
		o >-<'s <-> connections at stations
		o density of lines <-> frequency of trains

	-> Soerabaja-Djokjakarta train line,
	   Tufte II, p. 24-5
		o line type -> speed x hash mark type -> seasonality
		o parallel plot showing track grade
		o labels made by Japanese while planning invasion

	-> Minard's Neapolean's Russian Campaign (1885),
	   Tufte I, p. 40
		o plots size of army as a function of location and date,
		direction and speed of movements, particular events,
		and temperature as a function of date

		o plotting in 2D instead of 1D allows branching
		o 22,000 lost crossing the Berezina River
		o line treatment to distinguish advance / retreat
		o due to width of lines, x-y pos is only approximate

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